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ANNALS
OF
The Entomological Society of America
VOEUMEA IT; 19 ke
EDITORIAL BOARD
J. H. COMSTOCK, L. O. HOWARD,
ITHACA, N. Y.
. W. M. WHEELER, Boston, Mass.
€. j. Ss. BETHUNE, GUELPH, ONTARIO, CANADA.
C. W. JOHNSON, Pak CALV ERE,
Boston, MASS.
J. W. FOLSOM, URBANA, ILLS.
V. Ll. KELLOG, STANFORD UNIV., CAL.
HERBERT OSBORN, Managing Editor, COLUMBUS, OHIO.
PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY THE SOCIETY
COLUMBUS, OHIO
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
WASHINGTON, D. C.
2\52490
Ditp. = | Soa-te erereteaive weal > ose See
CONTENTS OF VOLUME III.
PAGE
BRADLEY, J. C:—Minutes of the Boston Meeting.............. 1 SmitH J. B.—Abstract of Address Insects and Entomologists,
Rt; cinixelactions to’ the Community atiWargesy) 0.2.5). 12 WesstTER, F. M.—A Predaceous and Supposedly Beneficial Mite,
iPedieuloides, Becomes: Noxious to»Many 2.3220 520. 202..5.-. 15
Banxs, NatHAn.—Myrmeleonidae from Australia.............. 40
WitiiaMs, Francis X.—The Anatomy of the Larva of Cecidomyia INesimicoloidesmwWalliannssescess4 tire OT cid ene ene eye Slee 45 MitzMaAIn, M. B.—Some New Facts in the Bionomics of the Cali- iO Giad Are WO GETIG Mal CAS Us Ain bes Pease 5, 2 ok el oe eet 61 SEVERIN, H. H. P.—A Study on the Structure of the Egg of the Walking Stick Diapheromera femorata Say; and the Biological Significance of the Resemblance of Phasmid Eggs to Seeds 83
ForBes, W. T. M.—A Structural Study of Some Caterpillars..... 94 Morean, T. H., and Scuutt, A. F.—The Life Cycle of Hormaphis MPa DNAS GIS Os Fekete ee cl aM eM is hie enn cere anne, eee ee 144 HEADLEE, T. J.—An Apparatus for the Determination of Optimums Oi hemperatune rand yMoistines 7. ache eae mene, a 147 SMITH, JOHN B.—Notes on Certain Species of Mamestra........ 154
GomsTock=|-oh.——The Palpi of MalesSpiderss sso.) ee 161 WuitmarsH, R. D.—North American Paniscini Ewinc, H. E.—The Rediscovery of a Peculiar Genus and Species
ike) Tele AAAS ears aches tor ts sel cer oaks SANSA oe ce AOE LOG ence CAS 209 Van Duzer, E. P.—A Revision of the American Species of Platyme-
{ODORS ARS On NRSC 2h cE RE en) Soke a Me Lp RA CHAMBERLIN, R. V.—Diploda from the Western States........ 233 HaAsEMAN, L.—The Structure and Metamorphosis of the Alimentary
Canalvor the, Larva or Psychoda alternata Say. ..)23. 0... 277
Wutson, H. F.—A Key to the Genera of the Sub-family Aphidinae anda Notes. om the Synompmiys a.8iie2. et. uae = Ue oe 314
. oe ge —- on et ee 7
< a - ’ . x : a= @ a . he =? o« —_ : as ° = - >" “av a — . ~tt yw . Sf * 4 . 4 . - =
Annala, Vols. I and Ii, complete, cdc 0020s sv decge wetness pu srzes eS 8B .00 pe Annols, Vols. Land II, Parts 1, 2 and 4, each. sigh pee wast che at PE IRE Ie, Cig EE Part &, each... 5.4; Kine hPa tnd Taegan 2 Fave wel ore | REPRINTS GS alice nee Fivasdiee of first three phir eis ; Constitution, By-Laws and List of Metnberé ie foo occu ney ep teeter hae sevaiiee pein a. weber tte eh tere eeuees Wueecter, Wm. M. J poly iiorpblath Of ANB. sos. .ee epee cede ee pede es ps ; F ‘ Ospoxs, Herpert—The Habits of Insects as a Factor i ‘in Classification. Ne Sever, H. H. anv Severn, H. C.—-Anatomical and Histological Studies — of the Female Reproductive Organs of the American-Saw fly, Cimbex _ Americana, Leach.,...:.-.. Sr bike ti. Gee Meas. CEL cats hice po ee ee ae Oe Frur, E. P—Some Problems in Nomenclature.......25... igs Pa a Fee" Hammar, A.G.—On the Nervous System of the ate of Corydalis cornuta hi Brapiay, J. C.—A) Case of ta eek: Sleeping Habits Seng Aculeate (Hymenoptera..c.e. fede. cnet Pa niotehd a2 ale Ge ato the bigs Ee Hye lysine A Davis, J. .J.—Notes on the Life History of the Leafy Dimorph ‘of the Box: . . elder Aphid, Chaitophorns negandinis Thos. . 2.528.060 ee 20 Hama.evoy, J. C.—The Genus’ Corizus, with a Review of the North and | cote Middle America an Species. PISS. aed Peak cps Meee rages ae tee . 35 Gmavur, A, A.—Biologieal Notes on Colorado Potato Beetle». <..-.-.... ee ‘Gixavur, A, AA Monogtaphic Catalogue of the Mymarid Genus “Alaptus - a =. Severs, H. H. axp Seven, H. C.—Internal Organs: of Beperanidin, of - f Malu Sew-fly...: Soe ce. wid chy ate a eRe seat aves Re ee os a Surrn, C. P.—A Preliminary Study of the Araneze ‘Theraphosae of ielitornia’” j Davis, J..J,—Studies on Aphis as Nea AO Ruuey, W. A.—Monsele Attachment of Insects, /......0...0.05 darter gees Sips | 3 had | Nexpsam, J. G.—Critichl Notes on the Classification of ‘the. Corduliinae 5 “a * ‘¥ (Odonata) .. Peer eben tee eee ee ees Mba egy Phe a ANd wien ti hat “15 oy Howarp, L. O—A Key to the Ruecien of Prospaltella with ‘Table of Hosts *».. k . a Ot and Descriptions of Four New i a Rae ae ee Lae Hoop, J, D.—T'wo New Species of Idolothrips. per gigs sclan gd SRSA ey £3 ths BONES op ead: MR en pres he vet Gane Ae Seaatin Class i a gen Sa) ANNALS ENTOMOLOGICAL ‘SOCIETY OF AMERICA, - “s Biological Building, O. S » eum eanrtt saat Ve te Tags Me “A rs > . ie ay : ¥ + 4 ss a : PsN , wives SS Ege ce: hey oes ’ Ps all ? et rae ia Og Se Re ee Rea: pay» ay LaaR 2 TP thee a a a " ay Fes ak an a Sa Pe ey es ~
Caen vay
on eh ee ee Te ay ol ea Via) ee ese ee a ‘MIP ee
es fae viet te
WM. H. EDWARDS
Plate
ANNALS
OF
The Entomological Society of America
Volume [11 NAR CEs hohe Number |
MINUTES OF THE BOSTON MEETING.
The Fourth Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America was called to order by the President at 10:30 A. M., December the 30th, 1go9, in the buildings of the Harvard Medical School in Brookline.
The President announced the deaths of the following Fellows and Members:
William Henry Edwards, Honorary Fellow, April 4, 1909.
Mark Vernon Slingerland, Fellow, March 11, 1909.
Braxton. Honoré Guilbeau, January 16, 1909.
William Brodie, August 6, tgo9g. ©
H. M. S. Seib, August 28, 1908.
The minutes of the last meeting were accepted as printed in the ANNALS.
The President announced the appointment of the following committees:
Commuttee on Resolutions: Messrs. Satterthwait & Brues.
Commuttee on Nominations: Messrs. Gillette, C. W. Johnson and Burgess.
Auditing Committee: Messrs. Field, Johnson and Sanderson.
Commuttee to Draft Suttable Resolutions Concerning the Death of Mr. Edwards: Messrs. Newcomb, Wheeler and Field.
Committee to Draft Suitable Resolutions Concerning the Death of Professor Slingerland: Messrs. Comstock, MacGillivray and Riley.
The following report from the Executive Committee was read by the Secretary-Treasurer, and adopted, the constitutional amendments to be brought up at the next annual meeting.
2 Annals Entomological Soctety of America [Vol. III,
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE,
December 30, 1909.
The following six persons were elected members in June:
E. W. Berger, W. A. Thomas, R. A. Cooley,
E. H. Smart, V. I. Safro, W. O. Strong.
Ten more members were elected at the meeting of the com-
mittee yesterday: Miss E. A. Newell, Mr. A. C. Lewis, Mr. W. W. Chase,
Mr. S. F. Blumenfeld,
Mr. P. E. Smith,
Mr. T. C. Barber, Mr. W. V. Reed,
Dr. C. G. Hewitt, Mr. J. W. Hungate, Mr. W. H. Shideler.
The following resignations have been accepted and member-
ships terminated: Rey. G. Birkmann, Mr. C. F. Groth, Mr. G. H. Chadwick, Mr. M. Rothke, C. E. Brown, A. Ellsworth, E. C. Greene, T. D. Jarvis, J. M. Rankin, C. Stevenson, A. J. Meidt,
-
Mr. C. L. Pollard, Miss A. M. Fielde, Mr. F. M. Needham, J. P. Baumberger, J. P. Cockburn,
E. Gerstenhorn,
J. C. Huguennin, Re ee ea:
W. D. Richardson, W. L. Tower,
A. F. Winn.
The Executive Committee proposes to the Society for its con- sideration the following amendments to the constitution to be brought up at the next annual meeting.
To amend Section I of Art. IV, by striking out the words ‘‘and a Secretary-Treasurer’’ and inserting in their place the words ‘‘a Secretary and a Treasurer; but these last two offices may be held by the same person, so that the section will read: Art. IV. Officers. The officers of this Society shall be a President, two Vice-Presidents, a Secretary and a Treasurer; but these two last offices may be held by the same person.”
Igo] Minutes of the Boston Meeting
ics)
To amend Art. IV., Sec. 3, to read:
“SEC. 3. Councilor to the American Association. The President and preceding Past-President shall represent the Society upon the Council of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.”
To amend Art. IV, Sec. 2, by striking out the word ‘‘who”’ and inserting after the words ‘‘additional members”’ the words ‘‘five of whom”’ and by inserting after the word ‘“‘Society”’ the follow- ing: ‘and the sixth shall be, ex officio, the Managing Editor.”’
So that the Section will read:
‘Art. IV, Sec. 2. The business of the Society not otherwise provided for shall be in the hands of an Executive Committee, consisting of the officers named in Section I, and of six additional members, five of whom shall be elected from the Fellows by the Society, and the sixth shall be ex officio the Managing Editor. Four members of the committee shall constitute a quorum.”
The committee farther recommends an amendment to the pro- posed amendment to Art .V, by inserting at the end thereof the following: ‘“‘Their term of office shall commence with the first of June following their election.”
During the year a memorial drawn up by Mr. W. C. Wood regarding the tariff on insects and signed by the President and Secretary-Treasurer, was sent to the Honorable Sereno E. Payne. No action by Congress resulted.
CLASSIFIED EXPENDITURES
NonicesmOrorralis, tC. (SOCIELY) ..... a.c0 ocsminen neers $ 10.25 Sed OUR (OOCICLY 243.4 5c «ai axe ena dian) eras s Saas $ 24.61 (ASIC TSNGE N00) OSS, enone Rees Pa ere ar 9.25 Annals, postage and stamps for Annals.......... 13.00 46.86 Glegke and Stenographers, (Society)... cos... 184 (Amal Sian cece Sa00he —— 16.75 Printing Annals, 4 issues, 1000 copies each...... .$522.50 } mE GOLME IMSELES ch oiic 2-8) 5 Aioyie sla 01g aaah sem ey ain 55.00 |) ott 00 Bneravings and) electroty pes... =... s.si0.> 92 4- 61.62 sxoressand Drayage (Annals)... 0.50 ccna oes 14.74 NEM IGIMES youre lest ik) eich) 8s co ere sawn amen gaunt species 138.45 PDO EU rsek ey eyy ch opting sand) shame cs reveals payee Mattenen sear shsrias tess — $866.17 iBalanceiong hand December k. LOO9K 7: aan. cooeialisealete eienciane ena eie ae 147 .47
$1013.64
Of the above total cash expenditures $43.61 were for the general expenses of the Society and the remaining $822.56 were for expenses connected with the Annas. In addition to the
4 Annals Entomological Soctety of America [Vol. III,
total cash expenditures $866.17, there are debits on the ledgers to Society $54.00 and ANNALS $12.00, total $66.00, representing cancelled subscriptions, and the offsetting of dues of deceased and dropped members, etc.
CasH RECEIPTs.
Balance on Hand Dec. 15, 1908.................-..-...-- $108.44 Receipts from members (excluding 10 cents refunded to SROEY) ..<. noe oe a nh an ws oe ate Sie eee oe alee 723 .25 Subscription from non-Members (excluding $3.00 returned). 137.10 Sale mf Reprints and from Excess Engraving Charges Refended..... .. 600505 s% sos cake es eee ee ee 44.75 —— $1013.54 ASSETS. Balance from 1908. From Managing Editor.........-..-- 10.67 From Society and Annals...........- 264 .27 ———_— |e 2/5 Annals: Subscriptions from non-members. WF nates Son Gews = 141.10 Sabscriptions from members... - 2.5.55 <5 a 20+ estat eee 320.00 Sale of Reprints 2~ . Refunded Excess Engraving Charges.. 44.75 se 505 85 Society. Dues from memibers... . 2... ..2- 2525-3 =25 -56-= 487 .00 Life membership fees. 2 2.252 2a s'as a we een emne 100 .00 Gaft from &: Henshaw... )o > 5s bette Beene 6.00 —_——— 593 .00 Total Asstts. < oo635 sein veee ins Chae 2s Sees $1373.79 —
From this sum $66.00 debits representing subscriptions can- celled and the offsetting of dues of deceased and dropped mem- bers, etc., should be deducted, leaving $1,307.79 as the substan- tial assets at the close of the year, and leaving a balance of $339.55 unpaid assets to carry forward.
The Society had no liabilities at the end of the year except $48.30 paid by members for dues and subscriptions for rgro.
Nov. 30, 1909. © Unpaid assets:.....3. 4.4.5 k2 (eae $339.55 Nov. 30, 1909: (Cash on hand... -~..:. 5.43 ee eee $147 .47 ess Ibaabilities. ..2: 7.0% 5... 5 5. Ae ee eee 48 .30 Caner. Mice es oie A ee ed 99.17 Total Assets forward.......... . Aer ek Ce eee eee ee $438 .72
This shows a healthy increase in the total assets carried for- ward of $162.78 over 1908. In comparison of the accounts with 1908, it must be remembered that that year included the expenses of but three issues of the ANNALS, while the present accounts include four issues, or one full volume. However, there are about 75 members who are now two years in arrears, having paid only
* Foot-note. The Report of the Managing Editor does not show whether there are unpaid subscriptions which would increase this sum.
IgIo] Minutes of the Boston Meeting 5
the one year’s fee when they were first elected or became Charter members. In all probability, many of them will eventually have to be dropped for the non-payment of dues, so that somewhere up to $150.00 of the present uncollected assets can not be counted on as materializing..
The appended resolution on the death of Professor Slingerland was read and adopted.
The following papers were read:
F.M. WesstTer: A Predaceous Mite, Pediculoides ventricosus producing a Dermatitis in Man. (Read by Prof. Osborn).
R. MatTHESON: Remarks on the External Anatomy of the Haliphidae.
Miss A. H. MorGan: Some Correlations of May-fly Structure and Habit.
C. J. TRiGGErRson: The Life-cycle of the Oak Hedgehog Gall- fly (Acraspis erinacei).
H. H. Lyman: An improved Drawer for Insect Cabinets and a New Substance for Lining Them.
A. D. Macciiitivray: The Female Reproductive Organs of Corydalis cornuta.
The Managing Editor gave a brief report for the Editorial Board; summarizing the work of the year. Four numbers of the ANNALS have been issued with nearly 300 pages of text and twenty-nine plates. The list of outside subscriptions, has been increased and includes many of the principal libraries. Most of these subscriptions are continuous and we may expect further additions as the publication becomes known. Members who are so located that they can influence librarians in placing the ANNALS on their permanent periodical list, can assist the growth of the publication by effort in this direction. Moved and carried that the report be accepted.
The Society then adjourned till 2 P. M.
At that time, the President, in calling the meeting to order, spoke of the approaching first International Congress of Ento- mology at Brussels, Belgium. It was suggested that delegates from this Society be appointed, and there being no objection, this was referred to the Executive Committee.
The following papers were read: W. M. WHEELER: ~ On the Effects of Parasitic and. Other Kinds of Castration in Insects.
6 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. III,
W. L. W. Fietp: The Offspring of a Captured Female of Basilarchia proserpina. ‘To be published in Psyche. F. L. WAsHBURN: A Jumping Seed-gall on the Burr Oak.
The Society then adjourned to inspect the entomological exhibition, which was in conjunction with and under the auspices of the Cambridge Entomological Club.
At 8 p. M., the Annual Public Address was given by Dr. John B. Smith, in the lecture hall of the Boston Society of Natural History. ‘‘Insects and Entomologists: Their Relations to the Community at Large.”’
An abstract of this address appears elsewhere in this number of the ANNALS.
At 10 A. M., December 31st, the Society. was again called to order bv the President, Dr. Skinner.
The appended resolutions on the death of Mr. Edwards were read by Dr. Wheeler and adopted.
The President remarked upon the travels of Mr. Edwards on the Amazon River, and the high character of the volume descrip- tive of that trip, which Mr. Edwards had published, many years ago, under the title ‘Voyage up the Amazon.”
Mr. C. T. Brues read a paper entitled, ‘‘Some Notes on the Geological History of the Parasitic Hymenoptera.”’
The Nominating Committee made its report and the Secretary was directed by vote of the Society to cast a ballot for the entire list thus placed in nomination.
The officers thus elected were as follows: President, John B. Smith.
First Vice-President, Dr. S. A. Forbes. Second Vice-President, Prof. V. L. Kellogg. Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. C. R. Crosby.
Additional Members of the Executive Committee:
Prof. J. H. Comstock, Prof. J. M. Aldrich Dr. W. M. Wheeler, Rev. Prof. C. J. S. Bethune, Mr. E. A. Schwarz, Prof. Lawrence Bruner.
Member of Committee on Nomenclature to serve three years: Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell (to succeed himself).
The following report from the Auditing Committee was read and accepted.
TgI0o] Minutes of the Boston Meeting 7
REPORT OF THE AUDITING COMMITTEE.
Boston, Mass., Dec. 31, 1909. To the Entomological Society of America:
Your Auditing Committee has examined the books of the Treasurer and the Managing Editor of the Annals and find them in satisfactory condition.
Your committee recommends that the manner of keeping the financial records of the Society be referred to the Executive Com- mittee to determine the future policy.
Your committee wishes to express the thanks of the Society to the Treasurer, J. Chester Bradley, for the painstaking manner in which the accounts of the Society have been kept.
(Signed) E. D. SANDERSON, C. W. JOHNSON, For the Auditing Committee.
The following report was read and adopted:
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.
The Resolution Committee begs to submit the following reso- lutions:
Resolved, That we extend thanks to the local committee on arrangements, the Cambridge Entomological Club, the Boston Society of Natural History, the corporation of Harvard Univer- sity and the faculty of the Harvard Medical School for their many privileges and courtesies accorded us.
Resolved, That the editorial management of the ANNALS of the Entomological Society of America, especially Professor Her- bert Osborn, be highly commended for the excellent standard which they have maintained in the publication.
Resolved, That an expression of thanks be extended to Dr. John B. Smith for his admirable public address delivered in the hall of the Boston Society of Natural History.
Resolved, That we also express our appreciation of the untir- ing work of our Secretary, Mr. J. Chester Bradley.
(Signed) -C; I. Bruss, A. F. SATTERTHWAIT.
The other members of the Committee on Nomeclature being absent, Dr. Felt stated that owing to the prolonged illness of one member of the committee and the somewhat extended absence
8 Annals Entomological Soctety of America [Vol. III,
from the Country of another, it had been impossible for the com- mittee to formulate any conclusions which could be reported upon at the present time.
The report of the Committee on Nomenclature made to the Baltimore Meeting and printed in the ANNALS for 1909 was read and adopted, with the provision that the Society express itself as standing with the majority of the Committee in Section V.
Mr. Brues suggested that Professor Felt submit a list of names of Gall Insects that he thought could be accepted as standard.
Mr. Sanderson moved that the request from Dr. Stiles for the preparation of a list of one hundred important names to be adopt- ed by the Congress of Zoology as standard be referred to the Executive Committee. This motion carried.
The following amendment to the constitution proposed at the Baltimore Meeting, was read:
‘Art. V, Sec. 3, to omit the following: ‘‘All officers, Secre- tary-Treasurer excepted, and all additional members of the Executive Committee shall be chosen from the list of Fellows. Provided, etc.’’ The Secretary, in accordance with the recom- mendation of the Executive Committee moved to amend the amendment by adding the words at the end of the section: ‘‘Their term of office shall commence with the first of June follow- ing their election.’’ Amendment to the amendment and original amendment carried, so that the Section now reads.
‘‘Article V, Sec. 3. Election of officers. All officers shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting for the term of one year and shall be eligible for re-election. Their term of office shall commence with the first of June following their election.
The Secretary was instructed to take a mail vote of all mem- bers and Fellows of the Society as to whether the present ar- rangement for separate dues and subscriptions to the ANNALS should remain in force, or whether they should be combined into a single membership fee of two dollars with the provisions that all members should receive without further expense the publications of the Society.
Prof. Sanderson suggested the adoption of a uniform style of button for both the entomological Societies meeting during Convocation Week. Referred to the officers with power.
Tgto| Minutes of the Boston Meeting 9
The following papers were read:
J.C. BrapLey: The Plaiting of the Wings of Hymenoptera.
T. J. HeapLteE: An Apparatus for the Determination of Optimums of Temperature and Moisture for Insects.
A. D. MacGiiiivray: The Radial Sector in Phlebatrophia mathesont.
W.T.M. Forses: A Structural Study of Some Caterpillars.
A. G. Hammar: Notes on the Life-History of Fudiobia flavipes Ashmead, an Egg Parasite of the Grape Root-Worm Fidia viticida Walsh.
In the absence of the authors the following papers were read by title only:
C. R. Crospy: Some Observations by the late Professor Slingerland and the Speaker on the Life-history of Heterocordylus malinus Reut.
M. J. Etrop: The Blackfoot Glacier as an Entomological Burying Place.
J. J. Davis: Chattophorus popultfoliae Fitch versus Chaito- phorus populifoliae Oestlund.
L. HaAsEMAN: ‘The Life-history of a Species of Psychodidae.
The Society then adjourned, to meet during Convocation Weekjof rgro in Minneapolis.
J. CHESTER BRADLEY, Secretary-Treasurer.
10 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. III,
RESOLUTIONS ON THE DEATH OF WILLIAM H. EDWARDS.
WuereEas, By the death of William H. Edwards the Entomo- logical Society of America has lost one of the most illustrious of its Honorary Fellows, and
Wuereas, Mr. Edwards, through his magnificent and epoch- making contributions to our knowledge of North American Lepi- ‘doptera was widely known as an investigator and author of the first rank; therefore, be it
Resolved, That this Society express, through these resolutions, its grief at this loss to the scientific world, and be it further
Resolved, That these resolutions be recorded in the Annals of the Society, and that the Secretary be instructed to send a copy of the same to the bereaved family of the eminent entomol-
ogist. (Signed ) H. H. Newcoms,
W. M. WHEELER, W. L. W. FIELD.
MARK VERNON SLINGERLAND
Plate IT.
Igto] Minutes of the Boston Meeting IT
RESOLUTIONS On THE DEATH OF PRoFEsSOR M. V. SLINGERLAND.
Mark Vernon Slingerland, naturalist, economic entomologist, Fellow of this Society, died at his home in Ithaca, N. Y., March II, 1909. His death is a serious loss to the world of natural science. As a student, his career was marked by earnestness, courage and industry. As a teacher he was direct and forceful. As an investigator he was conscientious, unbiased, persevering and accurate, and his authority and leadership as an economic entomologist received unquestioned recognition.
His memory is cherished as that of a man whose life, though short, stands as a notable example of one who gave his years unselfishly and devotedly to the discovery of useful truths in the realm of natural history in their relation to the economy of plant and animal life. We, his colleagues, give expression to our sorrow in the loss of a friend and fellow worker.
(Signed) J. H. Comstock, A. D. MacGILiivray, “WILLIAM A. RILEY,
Committee.
INSECTS AND ENTOMOLOGISTS: Their Relations to the Community at Large. By Joun B. Smirn, Sc. D. (A bstract)*
The importance of insects in their relation to the community at large has only become recognized during recent years, and the work of the entomologist is only now receiving the appreciation it merits. Entomologists in the sense used in the address include systematists, students of life histories and ecology and collectors; but not those studying only anatomy or histology or insects purely as hosts for disease-producing orgarirsms.
Insects are injurious to man directly, as parasites, or as pre- datory forms attacking him, e. g., lice in the one case, biting flies in the other. Incidentally he may be harmed by urticating larvee or such as shed barbed hair, like the brown-tail caterpillars.
Insects are further injurious as carriers of, and intermediate hosts for, disease-producing organisms: two totally different pro- cesses for, in the first case, the insect has no necessary relation to the disease, e. g., the house-fly to typhoid fever, while in the second the insect is a fellow sufferer, and the disease organism re- quires both man and insect to complete its life cycle, as in the case of the Plasmodia causing malarial diseases. The relation of mosquitoes to fevers, of flea to plague, and of Tsetse flies to the sleeping sickness was illustrated, and it was stated that if all dipterous insects, including fleas, could be at once eliminated, mankind would be at once freed from malarial, yellow, dengue, jungle, and several other kinds of tropical fevers, the bubonic plague, sleeping sickness, filariasis, several forms of eye diseases, certain ulcerating sores of tropical countries, and we would reduce to a minimum enteric fevers of all kinds, lessen the death rate from tuberculosis and pulmonary troubles, and probably modify or lessen leprosy and kindred diseases.
* This address was delivered before the Entomological Society of America and its friends on the evening of December 30th, 1909. It was a popular pre-
sentation of the subject, profusely illustrated by lantern slides, and not suitable as a whole for publication in a Scientific Journal.
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IgIo] Insects and Entomolgoists L3
All domesticated animals and birds suffer from insect attack and parasites. Lice, bots, horse and stable flies, fleas and the like, and many animal diseases are carried by insects and their allies the ticks. Here also the Diptera contribute the bulk of the dangerous and troublesome species, and to our horses, cattle and sheep the elimination of all flies would be as great a boon as to man himself.
Insects also live with man as messmates, preying on his stored products or acting as scavengers in his dwelling, and all the main orders are represented in this heading. They are further injur- ious by feeding upon the crops grown by him, the annual losses figuring up to enormous sums—estimated at $1,500,000,000 for the United States alone. All parts of the plants above and below ground, outside and inside are infested, and all kinds of plants are attacked.
Many insects have been introduced from foreign countries and some have profoundly influenced our agricultural methods. The San José Scale has revolutionized fruit culture in the eastern United States and, incidentally, has made more positions for entomologists and -stimulated more interest in entomological work, than all other species combined:—in which respects it is not an unmitigated pest.
There is, however, another side to this shield and there are also insects directly and indirectly beneficial. Bee products are of great value, and silk products are enormously so. Some insects are used in medicine, a very few for food, and a few also in the arts.
The chief value to man, of insects, 1s as pollenizers to plants, and many plants are entirely dependent upon them for their continued existence. Pollenizers are found among the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and, pre-eminently, the Hymenoptera.
Portraits were shown, and brief notes were given of Say, Melsheimer, Haldeman, LeConte, Horn, Abbot, Morris, Grote, W. H. and Henry Edwards, Hulst, Strecker, Clemens, Hagen, Osten-Sacken, Loew, Ashmead, Packard, Scudder, Harris, Glover, Fitch, Walsh, LeBaron, Riley, Lintner and Fletcher. <A few col- lectors and founders of early societies were also referred to, Ak- hurst and Schaupp of Brooklyn, the latter one of the founders of the Brooklyn Entomological Society, and Feldman, of Philadel- phia, ancestor of three generations of Coleopterists—the Wenzels —after whom the Feldman Social was named. Pictures of field
14 Annals Entomological Society of America [Vol. III,
meetings of the New York, Brooklyn, Newark and Philadelphia Societies in New Jersey were also shown and the address thus summarized.
‘« > 3 F insects are a factor of very great importance in the community, first, because of their injuries, direct and indirect; second, because of their benefits, also direct and indirect, and millions of dollars annually are involved on both sides of the ledger.”’
‘‘The entomologist who studies these insects, determines which are harmful and which are beneficial, who works out their life histories and habits and who determines methods of controlling those that are harmful and improving those that are beneficial, is a worker of high importance to the community and deserving of every possible aid and assistance.’
A PREDACEOUS AND SUPPOSEDLY BENEFICIAL MITE, PEDICULOIDES, BECOMES NOXIOUS TO MAN.
By F. M. WEBSTER, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C.
INTRODUCTION.
Attacks of mites upon humans are by no means new, various instances of this character having been observed in Europe and recorded in various English and Continental publications both entomological and medical. In this country, up to very recently, except in the case of the itch mite, Sarcoptides psoriques Megn., these have all been grouped under the name “‘chigger,’’ which is evidently a corruption of ‘‘chigoe,”’ a tropical species, Sarcopsylla penetrans L., which is not a mite at all, but a flea. Thus it has come about that people walking during summer in grassy or weedy places or in woodlands are very often attacked by “‘chig- gers’”’ and suffer serious inconvenience and much pain on account of attacks of what are probably the larvae of several species of mites; notably the Trombidiums, just which one or how many is not at present known.
The mite involved in the two epidemics of dermatitis in the United States, to which this paper especially relates, is quite certainly the same as the one discovered by myself in 1882 and determined for me by Mons. Jules Lichtenstein of Montpellier, France, as Heteropus ventricosus, Plate III, figs. 1, 3, and since known in this country as Pediculoides ventricosus Newport. Huber has since made this species a synonym of Pediculoides tritict Lagreze-Fossat, to which Moniez credits a large number of instances of mites attacking man in Europe.
MITES ATTACKING MAN IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES.
In a publication relating to parasitology, both animal and vegetable, by R. Moniez,! quite a number of recorded instances have been brought together, some of them it is quite probable, involving the species to which this paper relates. Moniez is, however, vague and indefinite, and while crediting a large num- ber of attacks of mites upon man to Pediculotdes tritici, the fol-
1. Traite de Parasitologi Animale et Vegetal, Applique a la Medicine, Paris, 1896.
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lowing statements made by him will most assuredly not apply to our American species, P. ventricosus, and if these food habits exist in P. tritici, this fact alone would separate the two species. On page 463 Moniez makes these statements:
‘It appears certain that the octopod nymphs can only under- go evolution if they have at their disposition a liquid nourish- ment; they must attach themselves either upon some vegetable, or, in default of this, on some animal. In the case of wheat, they develop upon the larvae of insects that live at the expense of the grain. When the nymphs are famished, they will throw themselves upon workmen carrying wheat and attack the skin.
‘‘Amerling, in Bohemia, did not find the mites in company with parasitic insects; they can live on the grain.
‘‘When the cereals become dry, the mites attack animal life. They are forced to quit the vegetable kingdom for the animal. In this respect they act as do the Ixodes.”
From the foregoing one is led to suspect that the obscurities surrounding the identity of man-attacking mites is scarcely less dense in Europe than it is in this country.
According to the observations of Lagreze? in 1849, in Espalais, France, a number of men engaged in carrying sacks of wheat experienced violent itching immediately thereafter. This wheat was sent to Bordeaux and Moissac where workmen in unloading the cargo were attacked in apparently the same manner. In the latter instance the men refused to work on account of the severe itching which immediately developed on the chest, arms, face and shoulders. In the case of a majority of the workmen this irritation of the skin was followed by an eruption of pimples more or less inflamed, some of which contained a serum. Later, experts who examined this grain reported the presence of numer- ous mites in the wheat and after this had been washed and dried in the sun, the workmen who handled it were not affected. The mite involved in this trouble is now known as Pediculotdes tritict.
In 1867, Robin’, in the name of M. Rouyer, communicated to the Society of Biology some observations on a cutaneous disease observed epidemically in a large number of communities of the department I’Indre. The peasants engaged in gathering the
2. (Lagreze Fossat et Montane, ‘‘Sur, la Mite du Ble.’”” Rec. Agronomique de la So. de sciences agric. et bellesletters de Tarnet—Garome, t. XX XII, 1851).
3. Robin, C. R. des seances at memoires de la Soc. de biologie, 4th series, t. IV, 1867, page 178.)
TQIO| Pediculoides Noxious to Man rey
wheat after the long rains of summer, developed an itching erup- tion on all exposed parts of the body.
May 1, 1872, a baker in the canton of Créon received a num- ber of sacks of wheat from Bordeaux. Five men who were engaged in carrying these sacks promptly developed severe itch- ing on the back, shoulders and arms, followed by an eruption of somewhat pointed red pimples. Fear seized the patients and their families, who thought themselves poisoned, but experts examining this wheat determined the cause of the trouble to be what is now known as Pediculotdes tritict. The condition caused by this mite has been given the name of “‘grain fever.”
In 1875, Targioni-Tozzettit reported an eruption produced in a laborer who had carried sacks of wheat.
In 1879, Geber® observed in Lower Hungary an eruptive epi- demic coming from barley. It appears that in the first days of the month of June, barley which was shipped from Lower Hun- gary, in sacks, was being unloaded at a railway station. After being engaged in this work for a few minutes, these laborers were attacked by a violent itching and burning and to such a degree did this become annoying and painful that it was with great difficulty that they were induced to continue their work. Geber desiring to obtain farther information, visited the railway sta- tion in question about ten days after and examined the laborers who had been attacked.
In order to carry out an experiment of his own, Geber em- ployed an idiot to carry a sack of barley precisely as the laborers had done. The idiot also began unconsciously to scratch and immediately an eruption somewhat like nettle rash attacked him. It was observed at the time the laborers were handling these sacks of barley a yellowish-brown powder of considerable quan- tity fell out of the sacks and this circumstance turned the atten- tion of the officials to the barley. Upon a small part of this powder being brought under a microscope the presence of both living and dead mites was revealed.
The illustrations of Geber’s paper are two figures, figure 2 representing with reasonable accuracy what might have been a
4. Targioni-Tozzctti, Relazione intorno ai lavori della Statione di Ento- mologie agraria di Firenze per l’anno, 1876, Annali, dell Agricultura, t. I, 1878.
5. Geber, Entzundliche Prozesse der Haut, durch eine bis jetzt. nicht bestimmute Milbe Varursacht; Wiener Med. Presse, Vol. 20, 1879, et V. Ziems- sen’s Handbunchd, spec. Pathol. u Therapie, t. XIV, Handbuch, d. Hautkrank, 2, 1884, page 412.
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female of Pediculoides ventricosus, at a stage of her development when these mites are most abundant in grain and straw, that is to say they had not yet commenced to become gravid. After making drawings of the ventral surface, Geber instead of turning this same individual over and making a drawing of the reverse or dorsal side took for this purpose what he presumed to be anoth- er mite of the same species. The facts are that in all probability the second mite was a male, as in speaking of the striking agree- ment between the two individuals, he says ‘‘it remains to be noted only that the individuals shown by figure 2 were very rare, only here and there were they to be found and they were sasily recognized by their peculiar form.’’ In view of this it would seem quite probable that the mite involved in the eruption recorded by him might have been what we in America know as Pediculoides ventricosus. -
In July 1882, Koller’ records a case where 36 workmen in Budapest were engaged in unloading sacks of barley coming from Roumania and were seized within a half hour by an intense itching, increasing in intensity during the several succeeding days. Vesicles, the largest of which were the size of a millet seed, appeared on inflamed bases on the neck, chest and other portions of the bodies of these laborers. Koller states in this connection that several years previously he had observed a simi-